Ch.27 and 30
Chapter #27: Identifications
Richard Olney- President Cleveland’s secretary of state who got involved with the conflict in Venezuela in which they used the Monroe Doctrine to force Britain to back out of the Americas.
Alfred Thayer Mahan- A captain in the navy who wrote a book called “The influence of Sea Power upon History” that argued control of the sea was the key to world dominance.
Valeriano Weyler- A notorious Spanish General with the nickname “Butcher” who attempted to quell the Cuban rebellion by herding civilians into concentration camps that quickly turned into a hellholes.
de Lome Letter- A letter belonging to the Spanish minister that added to the US involvement of the war because it described the US as petty and week.
Emilio Aguinaldo- The leader of the Filipino resistance against the US that led to a US retreat.
Jingoism- Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy which the US used frequently against Cuba.
Teller Amendment- An amendment that established that the US couldn’t annex Cuba but only let the people rule it.
Rough Riders- A ragtag regiment of volunteers, organized by T.R. that proved their fighting ability in Cuba by fighting a fierce battle in which T.R. famously shot a Spaniard himself and took joy in the kill.
Anti-Imperialist League- An organization that was established to prevent US imperialism of the Philippines that proved to be successful.
Foraker Act- A US federal law that established a people controlled government in annexed Puerto Rico.
Insular cases- A number of court cases that determined the status of all of the US territories acquired during the Spanish-American War.
Platt Amendment- An amendment that replaced the Teller amendment that finalized the withdrawal of US troops of Cuba.
Spheres of Influence- A region of space in which a country or organization has dominant power.
Philippine Insurrection- A rebellion of Filipinos that resulted in the US government waging war and treating the Filipinos badly until Taft became the civil governor.
Open Door Policy- A policy that allowed multiple imperialist powers access to China with no conflict at all in the country.
Boxer Rebellion- The boxer rebellion was a rebellion by Chinese Patriots skilled in martial arts that resulted in 200 foreigners dead and thousands of Chinese Christians.
Big Stick Policy-A discipline of TR’s that talked of peaceful negotiation while also using the military at the same time.
Roosevelt Corollary- A policy that claims the US will help European powers in their legitimate claims in Latin America.
Portsmouth Conference- The treaty that peacefully ended the Russo-Japanese war orchestrated by TR.
Gentlemen’s Agreement- An unofficial agreement that benefits two or more parties that the US made frequently between foreign nations.
Root-Takahira Agreement- An agreement between the US and Japan that recognized US territories in Japan.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders? Many factors caused America to turn towards imperialism. The resolution of most of their domestic problems also greatly affected the Americans views upon the world. Ultimately expansion of the US was the final factor in imperialism.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii? Hawaii was an important center of the sugar industry. Many whites succeeded in revolting against the Queen and a treaty of annexation was made and sent to Washington. However Grover Cleveland was elected and refused the annexation because he believed that they had wronged the Queen and her people.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned? Many conflicts were arising in Spanish controlled Cuba. There was a massive revolt against the Spanish rulers and the fear of an hostile government came to mind. The Cubans were also destroying American interests which caused Americans to be concerned.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines? Commodore Dewey had such an easy victory because he had the element of surprise. Dewey’s ships were also vastly superior to the antiquated Spanish ships. The Spaniards may have had more vessels but Dewey had his superior tactics and technology.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba. The fighting in Cuba was very hotly contested because it was very close combat. The American troopers were also outfitted with the wrong gear which caused the Americans to fight poorly. However American strategy prevailed over the Cuban insurgents.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines? The arguments for the annexation of the Philippines were grand. If they had not annexed the Philippines then other powerful nations could’ve taken it over. The arguments against annexation were that all the Filipinos wanted was freedom and it destroyed American ideals of self-determination and anti-colonialism.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants? Puerto Ricans are different from other immigrants for a variety of reasons. The Puerto Ricans held a lot of jobs and faced plenty of racism more so than other immigrants. They however have grown more educated in rescent years.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War. America treated Cuba with not much hostility but with much injustice. The US wanted to annex Cuba even though they withdrew troops already. So they went ahead and made a take it or leave it agreement resulting in the creation of Guantanamo Bay.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War? The outcome of the Spanish-American War was very vast and far-fetched. The US gained unification between the North and South along with other things. Such as being recognized as a massive new power in the world while being revered by foreign nations.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism? The Philippines shows the good side of Imperialism because of all the modern improvements to the land. Examples of this are evident in the many modern utilities available to them to this day. The bad side was that it showed that Americans could be oppressive in some capacity.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China? American involvement in China was only partially beneficial. The reason for this is because the boxer rebellion arose and caused a lot of harm. While the good side of American involvement is that China was able to expand their economy and government.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain. The Filipinos were used by the US in many places as workers of cheap labor instead of local workers. When they first started to migrate into the US they were not treated with open arms. They had to fight back against the injustice and got it soon after in 1946.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election? Many issues were roused in the election of 1900 that involved the US interests overseas. The important issue though in the election was Republican overseas imperialism. The Democrats sought to control the Republicans expansion and hoped to preserve American values.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president? TR was one of the most successful presidents in the history of the US. His unconventional tactics such as the big stick policy and his electrifying charisma proved to be a very positive thing for him to use when leading. He was also the youngest elected president of the US which proved to be an advantage in decision making because of his hotheadedness.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal? The Panama route was chosen for two reasons that made the most sense at the time. The location was not just right but also very cheap for the effort. The other reason is that there was a revolt and the US needed to put it down.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary? The Monroe Doctrine kept nations out of the Americas without threat from the US. While the Roosevelt Corollary threatened to take action against European nations inciting conflict. Overall the reception of the Roosevelt Corollary was mixed because it was seen as TR’s reworking of a respected document.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize? Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize by being proactive in ending the Russo-Japanese war promptly. The conflict would’ve gotten worse with much more conflict arising. But with TR’s action he made both sides agree to an agreeable agreement.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations? The school board in California acted in a hurtful way towards Asian-Americans because they decided to separate them from other Caucasian students. This sparked outrage among the Asian community and forced TR to take action. If he did not take action then war could have possibly broken out.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion. America’s foray into imperialism was most likely caused by the need for more power and expansion. There are many factors going into this topic and most likely imperialism was caused by the need to expand the American economy. American imperialism also proved to be beneficial in some aspects for some countries as well by modernizing them.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel- Was the head of the Committee of Public information that kept interest in WWI high along with the overall morale of the nation.
Bernard Baruch- An American advisor of TR and financier of the war effort in America’s later participation of the war.
Henry Cabot Lodge- A senator from Massachusetts that didn’t agree with the Treaty of Versailles because he didn’t agree with the terms contained within the document.
James M. Cox- The Democratic candidate in the election of 1920 who lost to the Republican candidate Harding.
Self-Determination- The right of nations to freely choose their political status and overall ruling of the government.
Collective security- An arrangement in which one state in a system concerns the security of another state the security of all other ones as well.
Normalcy-The ideal of Harding in which he desired to go back to the United States Pre-war mentality instead of their convoluted war-time ideals.
Zimmerman Note- A telegram to Mexico from Germany that was intercepted by British intelligence requesting Mexico’s assistance in toppling the US.
Fourteen Points- Woodrow Wilson’s plans for the organization of post-war Europe and America as a league of nations.
League of Nations- The League of Nations was the union of the nations of Europe and the US as one whole cohesive group working together to ensure peace.
Committee on Public Information- A group led by George Creel that kept spirits high in the US during World War I.
Espionage and Sedition Acts- A group of acts that prohibited the interruption of any official US operation.
Industrial Workers of the World- An international union that primarily consists of industrial worksers.
War Industries Board- A government agency that was created to coordinate the purchase of the many war supplies that the US had purchased.
Nineteenth Amendment- One of the most important and groundbreaking amendments in the history of the US which allowed women to vote.
Food Administration- The organization that was in control of all of the Allied food reserves in WWI.
Treaty of Versailles- The treaty that ended WWI that punished Germany severely and put the German government in debt.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? Many events led to the US to declare war upon Germany that proved Germany was a major threat. The Zimmerman note was among the first incident that pushed the US towards war. The sinking of merchant ships also added to the rising amount of conflict in the world. Finally the communist revolution in Russia pushed Woodrow Wilson to declare war.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? Wilson’s twin war aims were to make the world safe for democracy and to free others from the tyranny of autocrats. This set the US apart from other nations because the other nations were fighting for survival.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Wilson made many different proposals to Congress to figure out what would happen post-war. A few of them are abolishing secret treaties, freedom of the seas, and reduction of armaments. These points overall point towards a peaceful point of the world that Wilson envisioned.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? The Americans as a whole didn’t want anything to do with the war in the first place. George Creel however changed this by sending out 75,000 men to give out patriotic speeches, making songs, making movies, handing out pamphlets, and making posters.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? Many people in the US at the time feared that there were German spies in the US. In order to prevent anything like this from happening the US government passed the Espionage Act. The US also used the Sedition act to keep unruly citizens in check.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? It was difficult for many reasons to mobilize the industry for the war effort. Mostly because the people did not want the Federal Government getting involved in business and preferred the practice of laissez- faire. There was also still a lot of opposition against the war among many of the people.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement? War had a positive effect on worker unions and the labor movement as a whole. Inflation and other conflicts caused many strikes around many industrial sites. Racial immigration in white neighborhoods also affected tensions as well with the white workers thinking that the immigrants would take their jobs.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women? The war had a positive affect for woman more so than in any other time in history. Women were able to take many jobs and prove their worth for the first time since the beginning of the US. These events eventually led to the creation of the 19th amendment that let women vote.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. The government in a way became intrusive in some people’s lives in order to keep them in check. The government became intrusive because they banned many necessities as well like alcohol and Fuel. Daylight savings was also introduced to limit the amount of fuel used to conserve it for the war effort.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective? The government’s effort to raise an army was not fair or effective because they utilized the draft to raise the army. They couldn’t even buy their exemption from the army either like in the civil war. But the war also marked the first time women served in the military.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia? The US saw that Russia had pulled out of the war and was now open to German conquest. The American Troops were used in Russia as a guard against Germany. Additionally they were also sent to Siberia to block Japanese land grabs as well.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. The American troops overall had many lasting effects on the outcome of the fighting. The military improved morale and provided much needed supplies to all of the remaining fighting nations. One of their other effects on the war in Europe was successfully stopping the Germans from getting to Paris.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? America played the central role in bringing Germany to the brink of surrendering. The thought of never ending American troops was actually an enormous factor in Germany’s surrender. Finally Germans were also sick of war and just wanted to have some peace.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? Wilson was still riding on his popularity after winning the war and was probably not thinking right. Wilson then went off to Europe for peace talks without inviting a single republican. This proved to be a fatal mistake as both parties grew further away from each other.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? Wilson’s desire for peace was insatiable and this had affected his overall judgment. Wilson would be willing to abide to anything that would get him peace. So he reluctantly agreed to punish Germany in order to get his League of Nations.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? Wilson had to make a great deal of compromises in order to finalize his idea of the League of Nations. He let France occupy the Rhineland and Saar region for 15 years and let them vote on who would get the lands. Secondly he agreed to the Security Treaty in which England and the US would come to France’s aid if they ever needed help.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? Wilson had to compromise his 14 points for one very big reason. If he had not compromised than there would have been no treaty. Things could’ve been very different if he didn’t compromise his 14 points.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? The treaty was criticized for many reasons back in America. Many thought it was too soft on the Germans while liberals thought that it was too hard. Many other people also thought that it gave other countries to much power .
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson wanted to tour around the country to appeal to the people because most of them were upset. He wasn’t met with overwhelmingly positive reactions all of the country but only in the West Coast. In the end however it wasn’t worth it because he exhausted himself and suffered a stroke later on.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? The treaty was finally rejected because the US wanted to retain its values. The treaty in its original form was very un-American and didn’t follow American values. The treaty was overall rejected because of its violation of the American way.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? The results of the 1920 election indicated many things for the future of the US. The election of Harding meant that the US would go back to the way things were before with the statement of normalcy. Socialism was also on the rise as well with Eugene V. Debs garnering 1 million votes.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? The US should be mostly blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles. They are to blame because they could not work out a proper deal without betraying their idealism. Overall these bad decisions led to WWII.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson was not very realistic when he called for a worldwide peace. He really did think that he would get peace sooner or later. But we all know that universal peace is just not possible in the world due to people just not getting along with each other.
Richard Olney- President Cleveland’s secretary of state who got involved with the conflict in Venezuela in which they used the Monroe Doctrine to force Britain to back out of the Americas.
Alfred Thayer Mahan- A captain in the navy who wrote a book called “The influence of Sea Power upon History” that argued control of the sea was the key to world dominance.
Valeriano Weyler- A notorious Spanish General with the nickname “Butcher” who attempted to quell the Cuban rebellion by herding civilians into concentration camps that quickly turned into a hellholes.
de Lome Letter- A letter belonging to the Spanish minister that added to the US involvement of the war because it described the US as petty and week.
Emilio Aguinaldo- The leader of the Filipino resistance against the US that led to a US retreat.
Jingoism- Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy which the US used frequently against Cuba.
Teller Amendment- An amendment that established that the US couldn’t annex Cuba but only let the people rule it.
Rough Riders- A ragtag regiment of volunteers, organized by T.R. that proved their fighting ability in Cuba by fighting a fierce battle in which T.R. famously shot a Spaniard himself and took joy in the kill.
Anti-Imperialist League- An organization that was established to prevent US imperialism of the Philippines that proved to be successful.
Foraker Act- A US federal law that established a people controlled government in annexed Puerto Rico.
Insular cases- A number of court cases that determined the status of all of the US territories acquired during the Spanish-American War.
Platt Amendment- An amendment that replaced the Teller amendment that finalized the withdrawal of US troops of Cuba.
Spheres of Influence- A region of space in which a country or organization has dominant power.
Philippine Insurrection- A rebellion of Filipinos that resulted in the US government waging war and treating the Filipinos badly until Taft became the civil governor.
Open Door Policy- A policy that allowed multiple imperialist powers access to China with no conflict at all in the country.
Boxer Rebellion- The boxer rebellion was a rebellion by Chinese Patriots skilled in martial arts that resulted in 200 foreigners dead and thousands of Chinese Christians.
Big Stick Policy-A discipline of TR’s that talked of peaceful negotiation while also using the military at the same time.
Roosevelt Corollary- A policy that claims the US will help European powers in their legitimate claims in Latin America.
Portsmouth Conference- The treaty that peacefully ended the Russo-Japanese war orchestrated by TR.
Gentlemen’s Agreement- An unofficial agreement that benefits two or more parties that the US made frequently between foreign nations.
Root-Takahira Agreement- An agreement between the US and Japan that recognized US territories in Japan.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders? Many factors caused America to turn towards imperialism. The resolution of most of their domestic problems also greatly affected the Americans views upon the world. Ultimately expansion of the US was the final factor in imperialism.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii? Hawaii was an important center of the sugar industry. Many whites succeeded in revolting against the Queen and a treaty of annexation was made and sent to Washington. However Grover Cleveland was elected and refused the annexation because he believed that they had wronged the Queen and her people.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned? Many conflicts were arising in Spanish controlled Cuba. There was a massive revolt against the Spanish rulers and the fear of an hostile government came to mind. The Cubans were also destroying American interests which caused Americans to be concerned.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines? Commodore Dewey had such an easy victory because he had the element of surprise. Dewey’s ships were also vastly superior to the antiquated Spanish ships. The Spaniards may have had more vessels but Dewey had his superior tactics and technology.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba. The fighting in Cuba was very hotly contested because it was very close combat. The American troopers were also outfitted with the wrong gear which caused the Americans to fight poorly. However American strategy prevailed over the Cuban insurgents.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines? The arguments for the annexation of the Philippines were grand. If they had not annexed the Philippines then other powerful nations could’ve taken it over. The arguments against annexation were that all the Filipinos wanted was freedom and it destroyed American ideals of self-determination and anti-colonialism.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants? Puerto Ricans are different from other immigrants for a variety of reasons. The Puerto Ricans held a lot of jobs and faced plenty of racism more so than other immigrants. They however have grown more educated in rescent years.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War. America treated Cuba with not much hostility but with much injustice. The US wanted to annex Cuba even though they withdrew troops already. So they went ahead and made a take it or leave it agreement resulting in the creation of Guantanamo Bay.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War? The outcome of the Spanish-American War was very vast and far-fetched. The US gained unification between the North and South along with other things. Such as being recognized as a massive new power in the world while being revered by foreign nations.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism? The Philippines shows the good side of Imperialism because of all the modern improvements to the land. Examples of this are evident in the many modern utilities available to them to this day. The bad side was that it showed that Americans could be oppressive in some capacity.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China? American involvement in China was only partially beneficial. The reason for this is because the boxer rebellion arose and caused a lot of harm. While the good side of American involvement is that China was able to expand their economy and government.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain. The Filipinos were used by the US in many places as workers of cheap labor instead of local workers. When they first started to migrate into the US they were not treated with open arms. They had to fight back against the injustice and got it soon after in 1946.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election? Many issues were roused in the election of 1900 that involved the US interests overseas. The important issue though in the election was Republican overseas imperialism. The Democrats sought to control the Republicans expansion and hoped to preserve American values.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president? TR was one of the most successful presidents in the history of the US. His unconventional tactics such as the big stick policy and his electrifying charisma proved to be a very positive thing for him to use when leading. He was also the youngest elected president of the US which proved to be an advantage in decision making because of his hotheadedness.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal? The Panama route was chosen for two reasons that made the most sense at the time. The location was not just right but also very cheap for the effort. The other reason is that there was a revolt and the US needed to put it down.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary? The Monroe Doctrine kept nations out of the Americas without threat from the US. While the Roosevelt Corollary threatened to take action against European nations inciting conflict. Overall the reception of the Roosevelt Corollary was mixed because it was seen as TR’s reworking of a respected document.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize? Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize by being proactive in ending the Russo-Japanese war promptly. The conflict would’ve gotten worse with much more conflict arising. But with TR’s action he made both sides agree to an agreeable agreement.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations? The school board in California acted in a hurtful way towards Asian-Americans because they decided to separate them from other Caucasian students. This sparked outrage among the Asian community and forced TR to take action. If he did not take action then war could have possibly broken out.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion. America’s foray into imperialism was most likely caused by the need for more power and expansion. There are many factors going into this topic and most likely imperialism was caused by the need to expand the American economy. American imperialism also proved to be beneficial in some aspects for some countries as well by modernizing them.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel- Was the head of the Committee of Public information that kept interest in WWI high along with the overall morale of the nation.
Bernard Baruch- An American advisor of TR and financier of the war effort in America’s later participation of the war.
Henry Cabot Lodge- A senator from Massachusetts that didn’t agree with the Treaty of Versailles because he didn’t agree with the terms contained within the document.
James M. Cox- The Democratic candidate in the election of 1920 who lost to the Republican candidate Harding.
Self-Determination- The right of nations to freely choose their political status and overall ruling of the government.
Collective security- An arrangement in which one state in a system concerns the security of another state the security of all other ones as well.
Normalcy-The ideal of Harding in which he desired to go back to the United States Pre-war mentality instead of their convoluted war-time ideals.
Zimmerman Note- A telegram to Mexico from Germany that was intercepted by British intelligence requesting Mexico’s assistance in toppling the US.
Fourteen Points- Woodrow Wilson’s plans for the organization of post-war Europe and America as a league of nations.
League of Nations- The League of Nations was the union of the nations of Europe and the US as one whole cohesive group working together to ensure peace.
Committee on Public Information- A group led by George Creel that kept spirits high in the US during World War I.
Espionage and Sedition Acts- A group of acts that prohibited the interruption of any official US operation.
Industrial Workers of the World- An international union that primarily consists of industrial worksers.
War Industries Board- A government agency that was created to coordinate the purchase of the many war supplies that the US had purchased.
Nineteenth Amendment- One of the most important and groundbreaking amendments in the history of the US which allowed women to vote.
Food Administration- The organization that was in control of all of the Allied food reserves in WWI.
Treaty of Versailles- The treaty that ended WWI that punished Germany severely and put the German government in debt.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? Many events led to the US to declare war upon Germany that proved Germany was a major threat. The Zimmerman note was among the first incident that pushed the US towards war. The sinking of merchant ships also added to the rising amount of conflict in the world. Finally the communist revolution in Russia pushed Woodrow Wilson to declare war.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? Wilson’s twin war aims were to make the world safe for democracy and to free others from the tyranny of autocrats. This set the US apart from other nations because the other nations were fighting for survival.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Wilson made many different proposals to Congress to figure out what would happen post-war. A few of them are abolishing secret treaties, freedom of the seas, and reduction of armaments. These points overall point towards a peaceful point of the world that Wilson envisioned.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? The Americans as a whole didn’t want anything to do with the war in the first place. George Creel however changed this by sending out 75,000 men to give out patriotic speeches, making songs, making movies, handing out pamphlets, and making posters.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? Many people in the US at the time feared that there were German spies in the US. In order to prevent anything like this from happening the US government passed the Espionage Act. The US also used the Sedition act to keep unruly citizens in check.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? It was difficult for many reasons to mobilize the industry for the war effort. Mostly because the people did not want the Federal Government getting involved in business and preferred the practice of laissez- faire. There was also still a lot of opposition against the war among many of the people.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement? War had a positive effect on worker unions and the labor movement as a whole. Inflation and other conflicts caused many strikes around many industrial sites. Racial immigration in white neighborhoods also affected tensions as well with the white workers thinking that the immigrants would take their jobs.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women? The war had a positive affect for woman more so than in any other time in history. Women were able to take many jobs and prove their worth for the first time since the beginning of the US. These events eventually led to the creation of the 19th amendment that let women vote.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. The government in a way became intrusive in some people’s lives in order to keep them in check. The government became intrusive because they banned many necessities as well like alcohol and Fuel. Daylight savings was also introduced to limit the amount of fuel used to conserve it for the war effort.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective? The government’s effort to raise an army was not fair or effective because they utilized the draft to raise the army. They couldn’t even buy their exemption from the army either like in the civil war. But the war also marked the first time women served in the military.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia? The US saw that Russia had pulled out of the war and was now open to German conquest. The American Troops were used in Russia as a guard against Germany. Additionally they were also sent to Siberia to block Japanese land grabs as well.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. The American troops overall had many lasting effects on the outcome of the fighting. The military improved morale and provided much needed supplies to all of the remaining fighting nations. One of their other effects on the war in Europe was successfully stopping the Germans from getting to Paris.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? America played the central role in bringing Germany to the brink of surrendering. The thought of never ending American troops was actually an enormous factor in Germany’s surrender. Finally Germans were also sick of war and just wanted to have some peace.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? Wilson was still riding on his popularity after winning the war and was probably not thinking right. Wilson then went off to Europe for peace talks without inviting a single republican. This proved to be a fatal mistake as both parties grew further away from each other.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? Wilson’s desire for peace was insatiable and this had affected his overall judgment. Wilson would be willing to abide to anything that would get him peace. So he reluctantly agreed to punish Germany in order to get his League of Nations.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? Wilson had to make a great deal of compromises in order to finalize his idea of the League of Nations. He let France occupy the Rhineland and Saar region for 15 years and let them vote on who would get the lands. Secondly he agreed to the Security Treaty in which England and the US would come to France’s aid if they ever needed help.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? Wilson had to compromise his 14 points for one very big reason. If he had not compromised than there would have been no treaty. Things could’ve been very different if he didn’t compromise his 14 points.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? The treaty was criticized for many reasons back in America. Many thought it was too soft on the Germans while liberals thought that it was too hard. Many other people also thought that it gave other countries to much power .
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson wanted to tour around the country to appeal to the people because most of them were upset. He wasn’t met with overwhelmingly positive reactions all of the country but only in the West Coast. In the end however it wasn’t worth it because he exhausted himself and suffered a stroke later on.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? The treaty was finally rejected because the US wanted to retain its values. The treaty in its original form was very un-American and didn’t follow American values. The treaty was overall rejected because of its violation of the American way.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? The results of the 1920 election indicated many things for the future of the US. The election of Harding meant that the US would go back to the way things were before with the statement of normalcy. Socialism was also on the rise as well with Eugene V. Debs garnering 1 million votes.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? The US should be mostly blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles. They are to blame because they could not work out a proper deal without betraying their idealism. Overall these bad decisions led to WWII.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson was not very realistic when he called for a worldwide peace. He really did think that he would get peace sooner or later. But we all know that universal peace is just not possible in the world due to people just not getting along with each other.