Ch.31,32,and 33 Study Guide
Chapter #31 Identifications
A. Mitchell Palmer
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John T. Scopes
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Clarence Darrow
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Andrew Mellon
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Frederick W. Taylor
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Margaret Sanger
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H. L. Mencken
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Ernest Hemingway
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Sinclair Lewis
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Buying on Margin
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Red Scare
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Sacco and Vanzetti Case
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Emergency Quota Act 1921
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Immigration Quota Act 1924
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Volstead Act
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Fundamentalism
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Modernists
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Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. The red scare was a very troubling time for Americans throughout the duration of the period. A popular method of dealing with radicals and communists was by way of deportation. Laws were passed that stated violence was against the law in the name of social change and people were denied positions of power just for the mere fact that they were socialist.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old KKK Klansmen was very radical in both their actions and politics being typically violent at all times. The new KKK however was politically minded and resembled the old nativist movements instead of taking major violent action. They were anti-foreign in their ideology which was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-“native” American, and pro-Protestant.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
In the 1920s America had little use for immigrants even though a great many still came into the gates of America. The government first started to stem the flow of immigrants with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 which restricted the number of immigrants to 3 percent of the people of their nationality who had been living in the US. Secondly the Immigration Act of 1924 cut the quota from 3 to 2 percent which ended an extensive era of free immigration.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Many factors led Poles to America which includes improving political status and economic concerns regarding their country. Originally Poles in the 19th century came to America to escape starvation and earn money to buy land back in their country of origin. Later on in the century more Poles came because of letters from their relatives describing how great America was.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
The eighteenth amendment was the legal document that officially banned alcohol completely. Many people used alcohol as a social tool and couldn’t resist living without it. The Federal Government also didn’t enforce prohibition as stringently as any other product and therefore people started to make alcohol and also drink it.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism? Prohibition soon sparked a major upheaval of crime with many people seeing the profits of making illegal alcohol and selling it. Gangsterism was the way of life in which people act as gangsters and take advantage of people and laws in general. Al Capone was the most notorious of these gangsters as he made millions off of illegal alcohol at any cost. Gangsterism was also dissuaded with the introduction of the Lindbergh Law which made interstate abduction a death penalty in some cases.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. The 1920s saw the rise of many different ideas from many sources such as science and religion. Obviously the ideas of both institutions differ and do not go well together. A perfect example of this was in the Monkey Trial in which a high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in which he lost the case against the court which was dominated by religious men including William Jennings Bryan. The stress of this ordeal also resulted in Bryan’s death by stroke.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. America became a mass-consumption economy because of the way all the businesses started to churn out products efficiently with the help of machines. With all of the resource consumption needed to produce products efficiently America started to advertise. Buying on credit was also another feature that arose which resulted in people falling into debt, sports were also used to take in money with the likes of Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey causing people to pack stadiums and arenas.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
The assembly line was by far the most efficient method in producing automobiles massively. But in order to establish effective assembly lines themselves innovative machines had to be invented. Finally new management techniques were made that saved time starting with Frederick W. Taylor.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
The automobile proved to be revolutionary in the fact that it could transport people faster. Now that everyone had cars previously trivial industries were now important due to the fact that the minor parts of the cars needed to be made like glass, rubber, and fabrics. The biggest of these new industries however was the oil industry and the advancement of these industries thus made speedy marketing possible.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
The airplane was obviously a revolutionary invention that would change the world. The airplane improved transportation of mail with airmail routes, the flight of the Spirit of St. Louis however had the most profound effect by inspiring the youth of the nation. Airplanes also changed the face of war forever with the introduction of a threat by air.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
America before radio was not really connected as a result of the sluggish news spreading by letters and the scarcity of telegraphs. With the introduction of radio however America was now connected more than ever and entertainment was also changed as well. With comedic shows and major sporting events being casually broadcast.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? Film has always been the most popular form of entertainment. In 1903 “The Great Train Robbery”, was the first story sequence found in film and introduced new ways to express messages. Movies really took off in WW1 when they were used as anti-German propoganda.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. The 1920s were very different than any other decade before it and established many different social standards. Sex was also a broken taboo that was very common throughout the 1920s. African-Americans also broke through with many entertainment and cultural phenomenon. African-Americans made many revolutionary contributions to entertainment such as jazz, blues, poetry, and acting,
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
The arts of the 1920s were new and revolutionary with many never before seen themes and topics. Young authors came bursting onto the arts scene with great success with a revolutionary and rebellious attitude. Plays and architecture also took on great success with the plays like “Strange Interlude” and the modern marvel the Empire State building.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
The US was in debt during the 1920s in 26 billion dollars because of borrowed money for the war effort. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon made drastic changes to taxes and cut the national debt down to 16 billion dollars. Overall I think that the government’s economic policy was successful.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon- Secretary of the treasury in the United States during the 1920s who helped reduce the national debt and was also considered the best secretary of the treasury since Hamilton.
Herbert Hoover
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Albert B. Fall
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Robert LaFollette
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Alfred E. Smith
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Ohio Gang
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Washington Conference
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Dawes Plan
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
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Bonus Army
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Hoover-Stimson doctrine
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Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
Warren Harding, the republican president after Wilson, was noted for being very popular with the people and also very friendly. However, he was also known for being very easily tricked, in other words gullible, and not that much smarter than the average citizen. He sought to have the best cabinet around him, and although he chose a few of the best people suited for their jobs such as Charles Evans Hughes, Andrew Mellon and also Herbert Hoover; he also chose people he thought he could trust but actually couldn’t such as Albert B. Fall who was a schemer and against conserving and also Harry M. Daugherty, who was easily bribed as attorney general.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
Harding’s administration was a very traditional one, in which many of the progressive cases were halted or even reversed. Harding had to appoint 4 new judges for the Supreme Court, and he chose 3 traditional ones and also former president William Taft, who was the most liberal of the 4 new judges. With the Harding administration, America returned back to laissez-faire, which encouraged less government limitations on companies. They also reversed child labor laws and in Adkins v Children’s Hospital, they actually overturned the women’s minimum wage. They also turned back many anti-trust laws and encouraged big businesses to reign again.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The economy did not prosper after the war. In addition to war debts, many ex-soldiers demanded 'adjusted compensation' to make up for the wages they 'lost' after joining the army. Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924, which gave every former soldier an insurance policy due in twenty years and added about $3.5 billion to the total war cost. Labor also suffered; strikes were brutally dealt with by exploiting ethnic and racial divisions among the workers.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
The United States, led by then-president Warren G. Harding, took the lead in disarmament in the 1920's by creating the Five-Power Naval Treaty and the Four-Power Treaty between Britain, Japan, France, and the United States. These treaties said to cut down on the amounts of battleships and aircrafts produced and used.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
Since businesses in America need to have a higher tariff to protect themselves against cheaper European goods, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was passed. Rates were raised from 27 % to 38.5%. Although this was good for America, Europe owed them some money, and because of the high tariffs, they aren't able to pay back the money they owed.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Since businesses in America need to have a higher tariff to protect themselves against cheaper European goods, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was passed. Rates were raised from 27 % to 38.5%. Although this was good for America, Europe owed them some money, and because of the high tariffs, they aren't able to pay back the money they owed.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Both of Coolidge's nicknames were true descriptions for the five and a half years of his presidency. During the duration of his presidency he never performed or authorized any rash or controversial actions and decisions. Businesses favored him because he didn't bother to take any risks in their domain unlike many of his predecessors. His nickname "Silent Cal" suits his personality perfectly because he actually didn't talk much and his inability to have powerful speeches most likely stemmed from his silent personality.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
The most drastic change for the farmer since 1890 was probably the introduction of machines that increased the product a farmer could produce. Machines also eliminated the need for farm hands and were now able to grow larger crops. The conditions that remained the same were the farmers desire for high crop prices and ability to work their land.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Coolidge easily won the election primarily because he was a good president and was popular because of it. The other candidates were also not very capable and radical in their ideas and policy. John W. Davis seemed to be an unworthy candidate for presidency while Robert La Follette showed that he had the spirit but not the manpower for his progressive party.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? The reasons were that America during the time was doing financially well overall while they still wanted more money. The Allied countries additionally stated that they had sacrificed millions of lives and that their sacrifice was their repayment towards the loans. They also said that if they really did pay back America it would only go towards boosting the already successful economy.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment? America’s strong insistence on debt repayment was very strong and had adverse effects on the world’s view of America. America was ridiculed by all of Europe when in the end the US didn’t get the money it was clamoring for. This led to the passing of a neutrality legislation in the 1930s that attempted to stem the ill will from Europe.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Al Smith was less popular than Herbert Hoover for a number of reasons that relate to his personality and mannerisms. Smith drank while the country was still practicing prohibition, he was a Roman Catholic in a predominantly protestant county, and they saw him as too abrasively urban. Herbert Hoover was much more popular because he was a perfect example of the American Dream and dignity.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Hoover’s attempts to help farmers did not produce positive results due to his failure to make good on his promise to consider agricultural relief and bring limited changes to the tariff. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was designed to protect the farmers but instead it took farmers’ incomes away by charging 60 percent. The act proved especially tragic on the farmers when the depression hit.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
The stock market crash of 1929 also known as “Black Tuesday” is one of the worst economic crisis’s that has happened in the modern world. Some of the immediate effects of the crash were job losses across the country, businesses went bankrupt, people lost homes to foreclosure, and mothers had fewer kids. Attempts to mediate the people were with the formation of bread lines and soup kitchens to feed the starving people.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
The main reason behind the Great Depression was the overproduction of both farm and factory. Other causes were overexpansion of credit, buying overstimulated production, and additional financial collapse in Europe. All of these factors ultimately led to the Great Depression in the end.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
At first Hoover’s beliefs in individualism affected the way he handled the Depression by him not taking any action at all. But as soon as the Depression worsened he soon backed off of his individualistic ideas and offered help to businesses and the common people with relief stations. Hoover overall was criticized by the way he handled the Depression situation as a whole.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
President Hoover has always been considered a conservative throughout history which is evident in many of his actions. For example, during the Depression he would not help people until it was too late which at first went against his policy. This shows that Hoover was truly conservative and not willing to go the extra mile and do something.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The Bonus Army was the collections of WWI veterans demanding that they get their deserved pay from their service. They established a camp in Washington D.C. and made several protests against congress. In the end the Bonus Army was forced out with brutal force by General MacArthur and Hoover’s reputation was shattered.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? The Japanese attacked Manchuria aggressively without mercy in 1931. With the U.S. still in the midst of the Depression other countries could not count on their support and thus were afraid to act against Japan. The only thing that the League of Nations could do was condemn their actions with a written document that the Japanese unsurprisingly ignored.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America?
Upon taking up the presidency Hoover sought to improve relations in Latin America. Despite the Depression he was successfully able to remove Marine platoons from Haiti, and Nicaragua. These moves set the foundation of the “Good Neighbor” policy which Franklin Roosevelt would later expand upon.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Harry Hopkins
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Frances Perkins
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Father Coughlin
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Huey Long
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Francis Townshend
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Harold Ickes
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Alfred M. Landon
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Brain Trust(s)
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The three R's
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National Labor Relation Board
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Congress of Industrial Organizations
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Liberty League
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Court-packing scheme
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Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR? Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the cousin of Teddy Roosevelt and was known for his leadership capabilities and qualities. FDR was a very compassionate, extraordinary man with an unbreakable will. FDR acquired these qualities by persevering through his deadly paralysis.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
Roosevelt’s speeches during his campaign were written by the Brains Trust who was a group of young college professors. With their help Roosevelt sent his message of a balanced budget and the condemnation of Hooverian deficits. Hoover knew that his campaign was doomed due to his tarnished reputation from the Great Depression.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
There were various results that showed immediately after FDR won throughout the country. The most drastic change was the switching of allegiances of blacks to the Democratic Party after staying with the Republicans since Lincoln’s presidency. People also began to save money in case the depression got worse with FDR as president.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal. The New Deal was a program that was designed to help ease the United States back into normal post-depression life. The main focuses of the New Deal were the three R’s- relief, recovery, and reform. Overall the New Deal would further cement the US’s recovered status as a strong nation again.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
The bank was clamoring for immediate action from congress due to the mess the banking system was in. Congress therefore pumped out the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 and many other documents as well. Another key aspect of FDR’s monetary policy was his gold buying scheme to increase the number of dollars in circulation
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. New deal agencies were designed to help different groups of people with attaining work. Although people were now gaining jobs these jobs were composed of trivial work and appropriately dubbed “boondoggling”. Radical critics wanted the government to assign real jobs to people instead of simple ones.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Demagogues were people who arose with radical ideas and gained followers much like cult leaders. There are many demagogues found throughout history such as Adolf Hitler, the American Revolutionaries and other figures. All of these demagogues were eventually silenced in some way or another which is something they all have in common.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
The 20th century was a revolutionary time and this sort of time period made it possible for women to be heard. Various women gained fame with their many works in literature and the arts while other gained fame by their actions. Women were also more socially acceptable as well which contributes to the factors that made it possible for women to gain fame.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The National Recovery Administration was authorized by the Emergency Congress and tried to restore immediate relief with long range recovery and reform. It was also designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. The NRA tried to restore industry by administering codes of fair competition under which hours of labor would be reduced so that employment could be spread over more people.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
The federal government tried to help farmers with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. The AAA tried to help by letting farmers sell their products at a massive scale while simultaneously conserving land. Many attempts and acts were made and the government was able to help farmers.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
During the farming season many farmers planted their crop using dry farming techniques because of their drought and high grain prices. Nature was a problem because there was no rain and winds kicked up the bad soil from all around the plains. These conditions made the plains uninhabitable and therefore farming was impossible.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
The residents of the plains fled to California to escape the Dust Bowl in which they successfully escaped. Things were better in California because of the temperate climate and abundant land. Things were the same because of the nationally affecting Great Depression.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. The New Dealers were ready to beat out the money changers so that they could avoid another depression. These New Dealers wanted to reform the economy and stock market to make it all better. Their attempts rid the economy of fraud investors and manipulation.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
The Tennessee Valley Authority was formed by the Hundred Days Congress in an effort to utilize electricity better. This was the most revolutionary of the New Deal ideas because it was essentially a planned economy. The arguments for the TVA project were that it brought many environmentally friendly results and also restored employment with cheap electric power. The arguments against it were that it was a socialistic ploy by the government.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? Both the FHA and Social Security were designed to help the less fortunate since its inception. The FHA helped the less fortunate by building houses for a great number of people that were affordable. The Social Security helped people by providing insurance in case they ever found themselves unemployed or handicapped.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Labor did not respond very well at first to the new deal. They found it to be offensive and did not accept it at all until they worked something out. It was primarily the labor unions that were opposing the new deals.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
The 1936 election was especially important in politics because it determined a lot of racial facts for a while. Like the blacks moving towards the Democratic side instead of the Republican side. FDR also garnered support from many distinct religious groups and races.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? FDR was a very smart man and he knew that he couldn’t have incompetent justices in the Supreme Court. His specific targets were old and possibly senile men who were out of their mental prime. After he eliminated these justices he turned out to have too many Justices
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
FDR’s attempt to pack the court had not too many consequences but the ones that are evident are that he had too many inexperienced judges. He also lost the court battles which resulted in his first defeat. Another consequence was that the court was not reformed.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
FDR in his second term was not as successful as in his second term because of several reasons. The economy took another major downturn and he did not do as much overall compared to his last term. FDR however would still get a chance to prove himself in his coming terms.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The criticism of the New Deal is massive due to there being many critics of FDR in his time. The most fair criticism was the alphabet soup criticism while the least fair was the accusation that he had done nothing. This accusation is harsh because he did in fact do a lot for the country.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) William Lecechtenburg said that the New Deal was a half way revolution for a reason. The new deal was very radical and controversial in all of its decisions and ideals. Many supported it as a welcome change while most thought it was un-American.
A. Mitchell Palmer
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John T. Scopes
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Clarence Darrow
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Andrew Mellon
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Frederick W. Taylor
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Margaret Sanger
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H. L. Mencken
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Ernest Hemingway
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Sinclair Lewis
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Buying on Margin
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Red Scare
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Sacco and Vanzetti Case
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Emergency Quota Act 1921
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Immigration Quota Act 1924
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Volstead Act
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Fundamentalism
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Modernists
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Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. The red scare was a very troubling time for Americans throughout the duration of the period. A popular method of dealing with radicals and communists was by way of deportation. Laws were passed that stated violence was against the law in the name of social change and people were denied positions of power just for the mere fact that they were socialist.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old KKK Klansmen was very radical in both their actions and politics being typically violent at all times. The new KKK however was politically minded and resembled the old nativist movements instead of taking major violent action. They were anti-foreign in their ideology which was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-“native” American, and pro-Protestant.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
In the 1920s America had little use for immigrants even though a great many still came into the gates of America. The government first started to stem the flow of immigrants with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 which restricted the number of immigrants to 3 percent of the people of their nationality who had been living in the US. Secondly the Immigration Act of 1924 cut the quota from 3 to 2 percent which ended an extensive era of free immigration.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Many factors led Poles to America which includes improving political status and economic concerns regarding their country. Originally Poles in the 19th century came to America to escape starvation and earn money to buy land back in their country of origin. Later on in the century more Poles came because of letters from their relatives describing how great America was.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
The eighteenth amendment was the legal document that officially banned alcohol completely. Many people used alcohol as a social tool and couldn’t resist living without it. The Federal Government also didn’t enforce prohibition as stringently as any other product and therefore people started to make alcohol and also drink it.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism? Prohibition soon sparked a major upheaval of crime with many people seeing the profits of making illegal alcohol and selling it. Gangsterism was the way of life in which people act as gangsters and take advantage of people and laws in general. Al Capone was the most notorious of these gangsters as he made millions off of illegal alcohol at any cost. Gangsterism was also dissuaded with the introduction of the Lindbergh Law which made interstate abduction a death penalty in some cases.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. The 1920s saw the rise of many different ideas from many sources such as science and religion. Obviously the ideas of both institutions differ and do not go well together. A perfect example of this was in the Monkey Trial in which a high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in which he lost the case against the court which was dominated by religious men including William Jennings Bryan. The stress of this ordeal also resulted in Bryan’s death by stroke.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. America became a mass-consumption economy because of the way all the businesses started to churn out products efficiently with the help of machines. With all of the resource consumption needed to produce products efficiently America started to advertise. Buying on credit was also another feature that arose which resulted in people falling into debt, sports were also used to take in money with the likes of Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey causing people to pack stadiums and arenas.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
The assembly line was by far the most efficient method in producing automobiles massively. But in order to establish effective assembly lines themselves innovative machines had to be invented. Finally new management techniques were made that saved time starting with Frederick W. Taylor.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
The automobile proved to be revolutionary in the fact that it could transport people faster. Now that everyone had cars previously trivial industries were now important due to the fact that the minor parts of the cars needed to be made like glass, rubber, and fabrics. The biggest of these new industries however was the oil industry and the advancement of these industries thus made speedy marketing possible.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
The airplane was obviously a revolutionary invention that would change the world. The airplane improved transportation of mail with airmail routes, the flight of the Spirit of St. Louis however had the most profound effect by inspiring the youth of the nation. Airplanes also changed the face of war forever with the introduction of a threat by air.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
America before radio was not really connected as a result of the sluggish news spreading by letters and the scarcity of telegraphs. With the introduction of radio however America was now connected more than ever and entertainment was also changed as well. With comedic shows and major sporting events being casually broadcast.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? Film has always been the most popular form of entertainment. In 1903 “The Great Train Robbery”, was the first story sequence found in film and introduced new ways to express messages. Movies really took off in WW1 when they were used as anti-German propoganda.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. The 1920s were very different than any other decade before it and established many different social standards. Sex was also a broken taboo that was very common throughout the 1920s. African-Americans also broke through with many entertainment and cultural phenomenon. African-Americans made many revolutionary contributions to entertainment such as jazz, blues, poetry, and acting,
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
The arts of the 1920s were new and revolutionary with many never before seen themes and topics. Young authors came bursting onto the arts scene with great success with a revolutionary and rebellious attitude. Plays and architecture also took on great success with the plays like “Strange Interlude” and the modern marvel the Empire State building.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
The US was in debt during the 1920s in 26 billion dollars because of borrowed money for the war effort. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon made drastic changes to taxes and cut the national debt down to 16 billion dollars. Overall I think that the government’s economic policy was successful.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon- Secretary of the treasury in the United States during the 1920s who helped reduce the national debt and was also considered the best secretary of the treasury since Hamilton.
Herbert Hoover
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Albert B. Fall
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Robert LaFollette
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Alfred E. Smith
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Ohio Gang
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Washington Conference
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Dawes Plan
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
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Bonus Army
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Hoover-Stimson doctrine
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Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
Warren Harding, the republican president after Wilson, was noted for being very popular with the people and also very friendly. However, he was also known for being very easily tricked, in other words gullible, and not that much smarter than the average citizen. He sought to have the best cabinet around him, and although he chose a few of the best people suited for their jobs such as Charles Evans Hughes, Andrew Mellon and also Herbert Hoover; he also chose people he thought he could trust but actually couldn’t such as Albert B. Fall who was a schemer and against conserving and also Harry M. Daugherty, who was easily bribed as attorney general.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
Harding’s administration was a very traditional one, in which many of the progressive cases were halted or even reversed. Harding had to appoint 4 new judges for the Supreme Court, and he chose 3 traditional ones and also former president William Taft, who was the most liberal of the 4 new judges. With the Harding administration, America returned back to laissez-faire, which encouraged less government limitations on companies. They also reversed child labor laws and in Adkins v Children’s Hospital, they actually overturned the women’s minimum wage. They also turned back many anti-trust laws and encouraged big businesses to reign again.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The economy did not prosper after the war. In addition to war debts, many ex-soldiers demanded 'adjusted compensation' to make up for the wages they 'lost' after joining the army. Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924, which gave every former soldier an insurance policy due in twenty years and added about $3.5 billion to the total war cost. Labor also suffered; strikes were brutally dealt with by exploiting ethnic and racial divisions among the workers.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
The United States, led by then-president Warren G. Harding, took the lead in disarmament in the 1920's by creating the Five-Power Naval Treaty and the Four-Power Treaty between Britain, Japan, France, and the United States. These treaties said to cut down on the amounts of battleships and aircrafts produced and used.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
Since businesses in America need to have a higher tariff to protect themselves against cheaper European goods, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was passed. Rates were raised from 27 % to 38.5%. Although this was good for America, Europe owed them some money, and because of the high tariffs, they aren't able to pay back the money they owed.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Since businesses in America need to have a higher tariff to protect themselves against cheaper European goods, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was passed. Rates were raised from 27 % to 38.5%. Although this was good for America, Europe owed them some money, and because of the high tariffs, they aren't able to pay back the money they owed.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Both of Coolidge's nicknames were true descriptions for the five and a half years of his presidency. During the duration of his presidency he never performed or authorized any rash or controversial actions and decisions. Businesses favored him because he didn't bother to take any risks in their domain unlike many of his predecessors. His nickname "Silent Cal" suits his personality perfectly because he actually didn't talk much and his inability to have powerful speeches most likely stemmed from his silent personality.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
The most drastic change for the farmer since 1890 was probably the introduction of machines that increased the product a farmer could produce. Machines also eliminated the need for farm hands and were now able to grow larger crops. The conditions that remained the same were the farmers desire for high crop prices and ability to work their land.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Coolidge easily won the election primarily because he was a good president and was popular because of it. The other candidates were also not very capable and radical in their ideas and policy. John W. Davis seemed to be an unworthy candidate for presidency while Robert La Follette showed that he had the spirit but not the manpower for his progressive party.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? The reasons were that America during the time was doing financially well overall while they still wanted more money. The Allied countries additionally stated that they had sacrificed millions of lives and that their sacrifice was their repayment towards the loans. They also said that if they really did pay back America it would only go towards boosting the already successful economy.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment? America’s strong insistence on debt repayment was very strong and had adverse effects on the world’s view of America. America was ridiculed by all of Europe when in the end the US didn’t get the money it was clamoring for. This led to the passing of a neutrality legislation in the 1930s that attempted to stem the ill will from Europe.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Al Smith was less popular than Herbert Hoover for a number of reasons that relate to his personality and mannerisms. Smith drank while the country was still practicing prohibition, he was a Roman Catholic in a predominantly protestant county, and they saw him as too abrasively urban. Herbert Hoover was much more popular because he was a perfect example of the American Dream and dignity.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Hoover’s attempts to help farmers did not produce positive results due to his failure to make good on his promise to consider agricultural relief and bring limited changes to the tariff. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was designed to protect the farmers but instead it took farmers’ incomes away by charging 60 percent. The act proved especially tragic on the farmers when the depression hit.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
The stock market crash of 1929 also known as “Black Tuesday” is one of the worst economic crisis’s that has happened in the modern world. Some of the immediate effects of the crash were job losses across the country, businesses went bankrupt, people lost homes to foreclosure, and mothers had fewer kids. Attempts to mediate the people were with the formation of bread lines and soup kitchens to feed the starving people.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
The main reason behind the Great Depression was the overproduction of both farm and factory. Other causes were overexpansion of credit, buying overstimulated production, and additional financial collapse in Europe. All of these factors ultimately led to the Great Depression in the end.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
At first Hoover’s beliefs in individualism affected the way he handled the Depression by him not taking any action at all. But as soon as the Depression worsened he soon backed off of his individualistic ideas and offered help to businesses and the common people with relief stations. Hoover overall was criticized by the way he handled the Depression situation as a whole.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
President Hoover has always been considered a conservative throughout history which is evident in many of his actions. For example, during the Depression he would not help people until it was too late which at first went against his policy. This shows that Hoover was truly conservative and not willing to go the extra mile and do something.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The Bonus Army was the collections of WWI veterans demanding that they get their deserved pay from their service. They established a camp in Washington D.C. and made several protests against congress. In the end the Bonus Army was forced out with brutal force by General MacArthur and Hoover’s reputation was shattered.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? The Japanese attacked Manchuria aggressively without mercy in 1931. With the U.S. still in the midst of the Depression other countries could not count on their support and thus were afraid to act against Japan. The only thing that the League of Nations could do was condemn their actions with a written document that the Japanese unsurprisingly ignored.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America?
Upon taking up the presidency Hoover sought to improve relations in Latin America. Despite the Depression he was successfully able to remove Marine platoons from Haiti, and Nicaragua. These moves set the foundation of the “Good Neighbor” policy which Franklin Roosevelt would later expand upon.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Harry Hopkins
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Frances Perkins
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Father Coughlin
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Huey Long
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Francis Townshend
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Harold Ickes
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Alfred M. Landon
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Brain Trust(s)
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The three R's
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National Labor Relation Board
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Congress of Industrial Organizations
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Liberty League
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Court-packing scheme
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Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR? Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the cousin of Teddy Roosevelt and was known for his leadership capabilities and qualities. FDR was a very compassionate, extraordinary man with an unbreakable will. FDR acquired these qualities by persevering through his deadly paralysis.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
Roosevelt’s speeches during his campaign were written by the Brains Trust who was a group of young college professors. With their help Roosevelt sent his message of a balanced budget and the condemnation of Hooverian deficits. Hoover knew that his campaign was doomed due to his tarnished reputation from the Great Depression.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
There were various results that showed immediately after FDR won throughout the country. The most drastic change was the switching of allegiances of blacks to the Democratic Party after staying with the Republicans since Lincoln’s presidency. People also began to save money in case the depression got worse with FDR as president.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal. The New Deal was a program that was designed to help ease the United States back into normal post-depression life. The main focuses of the New Deal were the three R’s- relief, recovery, and reform. Overall the New Deal would further cement the US’s recovered status as a strong nation again.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
The bank was clamoring for immediate action from congress due to the mess the banking system was in. Congress therefore pumped out the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 and many other documents as well. Another key aspect of FDR’s monetary policy was his gold buying scheme to increase the number of dollars in circulation
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. New deal agencies were designed to help different groups of people with attaining work. Although people were now gaining jobs these jobs were composed of trivial work and appropriately dubbed “boondoggling”. Radical critics wanted the government to assign real jobs to people instead of simple ones.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Demagogues were people who arose with radical ideas and gained followers much like cult leaders. There are many demagogues found throughout history such as Adolf Hitler, the American Revolutionaries and other figures. All of these demagogues were eventually silenced in some way or another which is something they all have in common.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
The 20th century was a revolutionary time and this sort of time period made it possible for women to be heard. Various women gained fame with their many works in literature and the arts while other gained fame by their actions. Women were also more socially acceptable as well which contributes to the factors that made it possible for women to gain fame.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The National Recovery Administration was authorized by the Emergency Congress and tried to restore immediate relief with long range recovery and reform. It was also designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. The NRA tried to restore industry by administering codes of fair competition under which hours of labor would be reduced so that employment could be spread over more people.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
The federal government tried to help farmers with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. The AAA tried to help by letting farmers sell their products at a massive scale while simultaneously conserving land. Many attempts and acts were made and the government was able to help farmers.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
During the farming season many farmers planted their crop using dry farming techniques because of their drought and high grain prices. Nature was a problem because there was no rain and winds kicked up the bad soil from all around the plains. These conditions made the plains uninhabitable and therefore farming was impossible.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
The residents of the plains fled to California to escape the Dust Bowl in which they successfully escaped. Things were better in California because of the temperate climate and abundant land. Things were the same because of the nationally affecting Great Depression.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. The New Dealers were ready to beat out the money changers so that they could avoid another depression. These New Dealers wanted to reform the economy and stock market to make it all better. Their attempts rid the economy of fraud investors and manipulation.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
The Tennessee Valley Authority was formed by the Hundred Days Congress in an effort to utilize electricity better. This was the most revolutionary of the New Deal ideas because it was essentially a planned economy. The arguments for the TVA project were that it brought many environmentally friendly results and also restored employment with cheap electric power. The arguments against it were that it was a socialistic ploy by the government.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? Both the FHA and Social Security were designed to help the less fortunate since its inception. The FHA helped the less fortunate by building houses for a great number of people that were affordable. The Social Security helped people by providing insurance in case they ever found themselves unemployed or handicapped.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Labor did not respond very well at first to the new deal. They found it to be offensive and did not accept it at all until they worked something out. It was primarily the labor unions that were opposing the new deals.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
The 1936 election was especially important in politics because it determined a lot of racial facts for a while. Like the blacks moving towards the Democratic side instead of the Republican side. FDR also garnered support from many distinct religious groups and races.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? FDR was a very smart man and he knew that he couldn’t have incompetent justices in the Supreme Court. His specific targets were old and possibly senile men who were out of their mental prime. After he eliminated these justices he turned out to have too many Justices
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
FDR’s attempt to pack the court had not too many consequences but the ones that are evident are that he had too many inexperienced judges. He also lost the court battles which resulted in his first defeat. Another consequence was that the court was not reformed.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
FDR in his second term was not as successful as in his second term because of several reasons. The economy took another major downturn and he did not do as much overall compared to his last term. FDR however would still get a chance to prove himself in his coming terms.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The criticism of the New Deal is massive due to there being many critics of FDR in his time. The most fair criticism was the alphabet soup criticism while the least fair was the accusation that he had done nothing. This accusation is harsh because he did in fact do a lot for the country.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) William Lecechtenburg said that the New Deal was a half way revolution for a reason. The new deal was very radical and controversial in all of its decisions and ideals. Many supported it as a welcome change while most thought it was un-American.